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10 Points Of Communist Manifesto

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1848 political publication by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

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The Communist Manifesto
Communist-manifesto.png

First edition in High german
Author Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Translator Samuel Moore
Land United Kingdom
Language German language
Genre Philosophy

Publication date

 21 Feb 1848
Text The Communist Manifesto at Wikisource

The Communist Manifesto , originally the Manifesto of the Communist Party (German: Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei), is an 1848 pamphlet past German language philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Commissioned past the Communist League and originally published in London just every bit the Revolutions of 1848 began to erupt, the Manifesto was later recognised as one of the world's most influential political documents. Information technology presents an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and then-present) and the conflicts of commercialism and the backer fashion of production, rather than a prediction of communism's potential future forms.

The Communist Manifesto summarises Marx and Engels' theories apropos the nature of lodge and politics, namely that in their own words "[t]he history of all hitherto existing gild is the history of class struggles". It as well briefly features their ideas for how the backer gild of the time would eventually be replaced by socialism. In the last paragraph of the Manifesto, the authors telephone call for a "forcible overthrow of all existing social atmospheric condition", which served equally a telephone call for communist revolutions around the world.[ane] [2]

In 2013, The Communist Manifesto was registered to UNESCO'southward Memory of the World Programme forth with Marx's Capital, VolumeI.[iii]

Synopsis [edit]

The Communist Manifesto is divided into a preamble and four sections, the last of these a short conclusion. The introduction begins: "A spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of communism.[4] All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy brotherhood to exorcise this spectre." Pointing out that parties everywhere—including those in government and those in the opposition—take flung the "branding reproach of communism" at each other, the authors infer from this that the powers-that-be acknowledge communism to be a ability in itself. Subsequently, the introduction exhorts Communists to openly publish their views and aims, to "come across this nursery tale of the spectre of communism with a manifesto of the party itself".[5]

The first department of the Manifesto, "Bourgeois and Proletarians",[6] elucidates the materialist conception of history, that "the history of all hitherto existing guild is the history of class struggles".[vii] Societies accept e'er taken the form of an oppressed majority exploited under the yoke of an oppressive minority. In commercialism, the industrial working course, or proletariat, engage in class struggle against the owners of the means of production, the suburbia. Equally before, this struggle will end in a revolution that restructures society, or the "common ruin of the contending classes".[8] The bourgeoisie, through the "constant revolutionising of production [and] uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions"[9] have emerged as the supreme class in society, displacing all the onetime powers of feudalism. The bourgeoisie constantly exploits the proletariat for its labour power, creating profit for themselves and accumulating capital. Notwithstanding, in doing and so the suburbia serves as "its ain grave-diggers"; the proletariat inevitably will become conscious of their own potential and rising to power through revolution, overthrowing the bourgeoisie.

"Proletarians and Communists", the 2d department, starts by stating the human relationship of witting communists to the rest of the working class. The communists' party will not oppose other working-class parties, but unlike them, it will express the full general volition and defend the common interests of the world's proletariat as a whole, contained of all nationalities. The section goes on to defend communism from various objections, including claims that it advocates communal prostitution or disincentivises people from working. The section ends by outlining a set of short-term demands—among them a progressive income revenue enhancement; abolition of inheritances and private belongings; abolition of child labour; free public teaching; nationalisation of the means of transport and communication; centralisation of credit via a national banking company; expansion of publicly owned country, etc.—the implementation of which would result in the forerunner to a stateless and classless social club.

The tertiary section, "Socialist and Communist Literature", distinguishes communism from other socialist doctrines prevalent at the fourth dimension—these being broadly categorised equally Reactionary Socialism; Bourgeois or Bourgeois Socialism; and Disquisitional-Utopian Socialism and Communism. While the degree of reproach toward rival perspectives varies, all are dismissed for advocating reformism and failing to recognise the pre-eminent revolutionary role of the working course.

"Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Opposition Parties", the final section of the Manifesto, briefly discusses the communist position on struggles in specific countries in the mid-nineteenth century such equally French republic, Switzerland, Poland and Germany, this last being "on the eve of a bourgeois revolution" and predicts that a world revolution will soon follow. It ends by declaring an brotherhood with the democratic socialists, boldly supporting other communist revolutions and calling for united international proletarian action—"Working Men of All Countries, Unite!".

Writing [edit]

Only surviving page from the kickoff draft of the Manifesto, handwritten past Karl Marx

In spring 1847, Marx and Engels joined the League of the Just, who were quickly convinced by the duo's ideas of "critical communism". At its Commencement Congress in 2–9 June, the League tasked Engels with drafting a "profession of faith", but such a certificate was later deemed inappropriate for an open, not-confrontational organisation. Engels withal wrote the "Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith", detailing the League's programme. A few months later, in October, Engels arrived at the League's Paris branch to find that Moses Hess had written an inadequate manifesto for the group, at present chosen the League of Communists. In Hess's absence, Engels severely criticised this manifesto, and convinced the rest of the League to entrust him with drafting a new one. This became the draft Principles of Communism, described every bit "less of a credo and more of an exam paper".

On 23 November, but earlier the Communist League'south 2nd Congress (29 November – eight Dec 1847), Engels wrote to Marx, expressing his desire to eschew the catechism format in favour of the manifesto, considering he felt it "must contain some history." On the 28th, Marx and Engels met at Ostend in Belgium, and a few days later, gathered at the Soho, London headquarters of the German Workers' Education Association to attend the Congress. Over the next x days, intense debate raged between League functionaries; Marx somewhen dominated the others and, overcoming "strong and prolonged opposition",[10] in Harold Laski's words, secured a majority for his programme. The League thus unanimously adopted a far more than combative resolution than that at the First Congress in June. Marx (specially) and Engels were subsequently commissioned to draw up a manifesto for the League.

Upon returning to Brussels, Marx engaged in "ceaseless procrastination", according to his biographer Francis Wheen. Working only intermittently on the Manifesto, he spent much of his time delivering lectures on political economy at the German Workers' Instruction Association, writing articles for the Deutsche-Brüsseler-Zeitung, and giving a long speech communication on free trade. Following this, he even spent a week (17–26 January 1848) in Ghent to establish a branch of the Democratic Association there. Subsequently, having not heard from Marx for about 2 months, the Central Commission of the Communist League sent him an ultimatum on 24 or 26 January, demanding he submit the completed manuscript past 1 Feb. This imposition spurred Marx on, who struggled to work without a deadline, and he seems to take rushed to finish the job in time. For evidence of this, historian Eric Hobsbawm points to the absence of rough drafts, only one page of which survives.

In all, the Manifesto was written over 6–7 weeks. Although Engels is credited as co-author, the concluding draft was penned exclusively by Marx. From the 26 January letter of the alphabet, Laski infers that even the Communist League considered Marx to exist the sole draftsman and that he was merely their amanuensis, imminently replaceable. Further, Engels himself wrote in 1883: "The basic thought running through the Manifesto [...] belongs solely and exclusively to Marx". Although Laski does not disagree, he suggests that Engels underplays his own contribution with characteristic modesty and points out the "close resemblance between its substance and that of the [Principles of Communism]". Laski argues that while writing the Manifesto, Marx drew from the "joint stock of ideas" he developed with Engels "a kind of intellectual bank business relationship upon which either could describe freely".[11]

Publication [edit]

Initial publication and obscurity, 1848–1872 [edit]

In late Feb 1848, the Manifesto was anonymously published by the Workers' Educational Association (Kommunistischer Arbeiterbildungsverein), based at 46 Liverpool Street, in the Bishopsgate Without area of the City of London.[12] Written in German, the 23-page pamphlet was titled Manifest der kommunistischen Partei and had a dark-green embrace. It was reprinted three times and serialised in the Deutsche Londoner Zeitung, a newspaper for High german émigrés. On iv March, 1 day later the serialisation in the Zeitung began, Marx was expelled by Belgian police force. Ii weeks afterward, around 20 March, a thousand copies of the Manifesto reached Paris, and from there to Frg in early April. In April–May the text was corrected for printing and punctuation mistakes; Marx and Engels would use this 30-page version as the basis for hereafter editions of the Manifesto.

Although the Manifesto 'due south prelude announced that it was "to be published in the English language, French, German language, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages", the initial printings were simply in German. Smooth and Danish translations before long followed the German original in London, and by the finish of 1848, a Swedish translation was published with a new championship—The Vox of Communism: Declaration of the Communist Political party. In June–November 1850 the Manifesto of the Communist Political party was published in English language for the start time when George Julian Harney serialised Helen Macfarlane's translation in his Chartist magazine The Red Republican. Her version begins: "A frightful hobgoblin stalks throughout Europe. We are haunted past a ghost, the ghost of Communism".[13] [14] For her translation, the Lancashire-based Macfarlane probably consulted Engels, who had abandoned his own English language translation half way. Harney's introduction revealed the Manifesto 's hitherto-anonymous authors' identities for the offset time.

Soon subsequently the Manifesto was published, Paris erupted in revolution to overthrow King Louis Philippe. The Manifesto played no role in this; a French translation was non published in Paris until just before the working-course June Days Uprising was crushed. Its influence in the Europe-wide Revolutions of 1848 was restricted to Deutschland, where the Cologne-based Communist League and its paper Neue Rheinische Zeitung, edited past Marx, played an important role. Within a year of its establishment, in May 1849, the Zeitung was suppressed; Marx was expelled from Federal republic of germany and had to seek lifelong refuge in London. In 1851, members of the Communist League's cardinal board were arrested by the Prussian Secret Law. At their trial in Cologne eighteen months later in tardily 1852 they were sentenced to three–6 years' imprisonment. For Engels, the revolution was "forced into the groundwork by the reaction that began with the defeat of the Paris workers in June 1848, and was finally excommunicated 'by law' in the conviction of the Cologne Communists in November 1852".

Subsequently the defeat of the 1848 revolutions the Manifesto fell into obscurity, where information technology remained throughout the 1850s and 1860s. Hobsbawm says that by Nov 1850 the Manifesto "had become sufficiently scarce for Marx to think it worth reprinting section 3 [...] in the last issue of his [brusk-lived] London magazine". Over the next two decades only a few new editions were published; these include an (unauthorised and occasionally inaccurate) 1869 Russian translation past Mikhail Bakunin in Geneva and an 1866 edition in Berlin—the first fourth dimension the Manifesto was published in Federal republic of germany. According to Hobsbawm: "By the middle 1860s virtually nothing that Marx had written in the past was whatsoever longer in print". However, John Cowell-Stepney did publish an abridged version in the Social Economist in August/September 1869,[15] in time for the Basle Congress.

Rising, 1872–1917 [edit]

In the early 1870s, the Manifesto and its authors experienced a revival in fortunes. Hobsbawm identifies three reasons for this. The first is the leadership part Marx played in the International Workingmen's Association (aka the Start International). Secondly, Marx besides came into much prominence among socialists—and equal notoriety among the regime—for his back up of the Paris Commune of 1871, elucidated in The Civil War in France. Lastly, and mayhap most significantly in the popularisation of the Manifesto, was the treason trial of German Social Democratic Party (SPD) leaders. During the trial prosecutors read the Manifesto out loud equally evidence; this meant that the pamphlet could legally exist published in Germany. Thus in 1872 Marx and Engels rushed out a new German-language edition, writing a preface that identified that several portions that became outdated in the quarter century since its original publication. This edition was also the kickoff time the title was shortened to The Communist Manifesto (Das Kommunistische Manifest), and information technology became the bedrock the authors based futurity editions upon. Between 1871 and 1873, the Manifesto was published in over nine editions in half dozen languages; on xxx December 1871 information technology was published in the United States for the start time in Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly of New York City.[16] Yet, by the mid 1870s the Communist Manifesto remained Marx and Engels' only work to be even moderately well-known.

Over the next twoscore years, as social-democratic parties rose across Europe and parts of the world, and so did the publication of the Manifesto alongside them, in hundreds of editions in xxx languages. Marx and Engels wrote a new preface for the 1882 Russian edition, translated by Georgi Plekhanov in Geneva. In it they wondered if Russia could directly become a communist society, or if she would go capitalist commencement like other European countries. Later on Marx's death in 1883, Engels alone provided the prefaces for v editions between 1888 and 1893. Among these is the 1888 English edition, translated by Samuel Moore and approved by Engels, who also provided notes throughout the text. Information technology has been the standard English-language edition ever since.[ citation needed ]

The principal region of its influence, in terms of editions published, was in the "central belt of Europe", from Russia in the eastward to France in the west. In comparison, the pamphlet had little touch on politics in southwest and southeast Europe, and moderate presence in the north. Outside Europe, Chinese and Japanese translations were published, equally were Spanish editions in Latin America. The offset Chinese edition of the volume was translated by Zhu Zhixin later on the 1905 Russian Revolution in a Tongmenghui newspaper forth with articles on socialist movements in Europe, North America, and Japan.[17] This uneven geographical spread in the Manifesto 'southward popularity reflected the evolution of socialist movements in a particular region likewise as the popularity of Marxist variety of socialism in that location. At that place was not always a strong correlation between a social-democratic political party's force and the Manifesto 'southward popularity in that land. For case, the German SPD printed only a few yard copies of the Communist Manifesto every year, but a few hundred thou copies of the Erfurt Plan. Further, the mass-based social-autonomous parties of the Second International did not require their rank and file to be well-versed in theory; Marxist works such as the Manifesto or Das Kapital were read primarily by party theoreticians. On the other manus, pocket-size, defended militant parties and Marxist sects in the West took pride in knowing the theory; Hobsbawm says: "This was the milieu in which 'the clearness of a comrade could exist gauged invariably from the number of earmarks on his Manifesto'".

Ubiquity, 1917–present [edit]

Following the 1917 October Revolution, Marx and Engels' classics like The Communist Manifesto were distributed far and wide.

Following the October Revolution of 1917 that swept the Vladimir Lenin-led Bolsheviks to ability in Russia, the world'south first socialist country was founded explicitly forth Marxist lines. The Soviet Union, which Bolshevik Russian federation would become a part of, was a 1-party land under the dominion of the Communist Party of the Soviet Marriage (CPSU). Unlike their mass-based counterparts of the Second International, the CPSU and other Leninist parties similar information technology in the 3rd International expected their members to know the classic works of Marx, Engels and Lenin. Further, political party leaders were expected to base their policy decisions on Marxist-Leninist credo. Therefore works such as the Manifesto were required reading for the party rank-and-file.

Therefore the widespread dissemination of Marx and Engels' works became an important policy objective; backed past a sovereign land, the CPSU had relatively inexhaustible resources for this purpose. Works by Marx, Engels, and Lenin were published on a very large scale, and cheap editions of their works were available in several languages beyond the world. These publications were either shorter writings or they were compendia such every bit the various editions of Marx and Engels' Selected Works, or their Collected Works. This affected the destiny of the Manifesto in several ways. Firstly, in terms of circulation; in 1932 the American and British Communist Parties printed several hundred thou copies of a cheap edition for "probably the largest mass edition ever issued in English". Secondly the work entered political-science syllabuses in universities, which would only expand later on the Second World War. For its centenary in 1948, its publication was no longer the exclusive domain of Marxists and academicians; general publishers too printed the Manifesto in large numbers. "In short, it was no longer just a classic Marxist document", Hobsbawm noted, "it had become a political classic tout court".

Total sales take been estimated at 500 meg, and 1 of the 4 acknowledged books of all time.[18]

Even after the collapse of the Soviet Bloc in the 1990s, the Communist Manifesto remains ubiquitous; Hobsbawm says that "In states without censorship, almost certainly anyone within reach of a expert bookshop, and certainly anyone within reach of a good library, non to mention the internet, tin take access to it". The 150th anniversary once again brought a drench of attention in the press and the academia, equally well every bit new editions of the book fronted past introductions to the text by academics. Ane of these, The Communist Manifesto: A Mod Edition past Verso, was touted by a critic in the London Review of Books as beingness a "fashionable red-ribboned edition of the work. Information technology is designed equally a sweet keepsake, an exquisite collector'south item. In Manhattan, a prominent Fifth Avenue shop put copies of this pick new edition in the hands of shop-window mannequins, displayed in come-hither poses and fashionable décolletage".

Legacy [edit]

"With the clarity and brilliance of genius, this piece of work outlines a new globe-conception, consistent materialism, which also embraces the realm of social life; dialectics, as the most comprehensive and profound doctrine of evolution; the theory of the grade struggle and of the world-historic revolutionary function of the proletariat—the creator of a new, communist guild."

—Vladimir Lenin on the Manifesto, 1914[19]

A number of late-20th- and 21st-century writers accept commented on the Communist Manifesto 's standing relevance. In a special effect of the Socialist Register commemorating the Manifesto 's 150th anniversary, Peter Osborne argued that it was "the single about influential text written in the nineteenth century".[20] Bookish John Raines in 2002 noted: "In our day this Capitalist Revolution has reached the farthest corners of the globe. The tool of money has produced the miracle of the new global market and the ubiquitous shopping mall. Read The Communist Manifesto, written more than than 1 hundred and fifty years ago, and yous will find that Marx foresaw information technology all".[21] In 2003, English Marxist Chris Harman stated: "There is still a compulsive quality to its prose every bit it provides insight afterwards insight into the society in which we live, where information technology comes from and where it's going to. It is still able to explain, as mainstream economists and sociologists cannot, today's world of recurrent wars and repeated economic crisis, of hunger for hundreds of millions on the 1 manus and 'overproduction' on the other. There are passages that could have come from the most contempo writings on globalisation".[22] Alex Callinicos, editor of International Socialism, stated in 2010: "This is indeed a manifesto for the 21st century".[23] Writing in The London Evening Standard , Andrew Neather cited Verso Books' 2012 re-edition of The Communist Manifesto with an introduction by Eric Hobsbawm equally function of a resurgence of left-wing-themed ideas which includes the publication of Owen Jones' best-selling Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class and Jason Barker's documentary Marx Reloaded.[24]

In contrast, critics such every bit revisionist Marxist and reformist socialist Eduard Bernstein distinguished betwixt "immature" early on Marxism—every bit exemplified past The Communist Manifesto written past Marx and Engels in their youth—that he opposed for its violent Blanquist tendencies and afterward "mature" Marxism that he supported.[25] This latter form refers to Marx in his after life acknowledging that socialism could be achieved through peaceful ways through legislative reform in autonomous societies.[26] Bernstein alleged that the massive and homogeneous working-grade claimed in the Communist Manifesto did non exist, and that contrary to claims of a proletarian bulk emerging, the heart-class was growing under capitalism and not disappearing every bit Marx had claimed. Bernstein noted that the working-class was not homogeneous only heterogeneous, with divisions and factions within it, including socialist and non-socialist trade unions. Marx himself, afterwards in his life, acknowledged that the middle-class was non disappearing in his work Theories of Surplus Value (1863). The obscurity of the later on work means that Marx's acknowledgement of this error is not well known.[27] George Boyer described the Manifesto equally "very much a period piece, a document of what was called the 'hungry' 1840s".[28]

Many take drawn attention to the passage in the Manifesto that seems to sneer at the stupidity of the rustic: "The bourgeoisie [...] draws all nations [...] into civilisation[.] [...] It has created enormous cities [...] and thus rescued a considerable role of the population from the idiocy [sic] of rural life".[29] Yet, equally Eric Hobsbawm noted:

[Due west]hile there is no doubt that Marx at this time shared the usual townsman's contempt for, likewise as ignorance of, the peasant milieu, the actual and analytically more than interesting German phrase ("dem Idiotismus des Landlebens entrissen") referred not to "stupidity" but to "the narrow horizons", or "the isolation from the wider social club" in which people in the countryside lived. Information technology echoed the original meaning of the Greek term idiotes from which the current meaning of "idiot" or "idiocy" is derived, namely "a person concerned only with his ain individual diplomacy and not with those of the wider community". In the course of the decades since the 1840s, and in movements whose members, unlike Marx, were not classically educated, the original sense was lost and was misread.[30]

Influences [edit]

Marx and Engels' political influences were broad-ranging, reacting to and taking inspiration from High german idealist philosophy, French socialism, and English language and Scottish political economy. The Communist Manifesto also takes influence from literature. In Jacques Derrida'due south work, Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International, he uses William Shakespeare's Hamlet to frame a discussion of the history of the International, showing in the process the influence that Shakespeare'south work had on Marx and Engels' writing.[31] In his essay, "Large Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice betwixt Shakespeare and Marx", Christopher N. Warren makes the case that English poet John Milton as well had a substantial influence on Marx and Engels' work.[32] Historians of 19th-century reading habits have confirmed that Marx and Engels would have read these authors and it is known that Marx loved Shakespeare in detail.[33] [34] [35] Milton, Warren argues, besides shows a notable influence on The Communist Manifesto, saying: "Looking dorsum on Milton's era, Marx saw a historical dialectic founded on inspiration in which liberty of the printing, republicanism, and revolution were closely joined".[36] Milton'due south republicanism, Warren continues, served every bit "a useful, if unlikely, bridge" equally Marx and Engels sought to forge a revolutionary international coalition. The Manifesto also makes reference to the "revolutionary" antibourgeois social criticism of Thomas Carlyle, whom Engels had read as early on as May 1843.[37] [38] [39]

Editions [edit]

  • Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels (2004) [1848]. Manifesto of the Communist Party. Marxists Cyberspace Archive. Retrieved on 14 March 2015.

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ "Marx's philosophy and the *necessity* of trigger-happy politics – Stephen Hicks, PhD". Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  2. ^ Kuromiya, Hiroaki (2017), "Communism, Violence and Terror", in Pons, Silvio; Smith, Stephen (eds.), The Cambridge History of Communism, Cambridge Academy Press, pp. 279–303, doi:x.1017/9781316137024.014, ISBN9781316137024, archived from the original on 24 September 2020, retrieved 24 September 2019
  3. ^ "Schriften von Karl Marx: "Das Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei" (1948) und "Das Kapital", ernster Band (1867)" Archived 22 Jan 2016 at the Wayback Automobile. UNESCO.
  4. ^ Marx, Engels & 1977 [1848], p. 34. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFMarxEngels1977_[1848] (help)
  5. ^ Marx, Engels & 1977 [1848], p. 34. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFMarxEngels1977_[1848] (help)
  6. ^ Marx, Engels & 1977 [1848], p. 35-48. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFMarxEngels1977_[1848] (aid)
  7. ^ Marx, Engels & 1977 [1848], p. 35. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarxEngels1977_[1848] (assistance)
  8. ^ Marx, Engels & 1977 [1848], p. 36. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarxEngels1977_[1848] (help)
  9. ^ Marx, Engels & 1977 [1848], p. 36-7. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarxEngels1977_[1848] (assist)
  10. ^ Laski, Harold (1948). "Introduction". Communist Manifesto: Socialist Landmark. George Allen and Unwin. p. 22.
  11. ^ Laski, Harold (1948). "Introduction". Communist Manifesto: Socialist Landmark. George Allen and Unwin. p. 26.
  12. ^ Bosmajian, Haig A. "A RHETORICAL APPROACH TO THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO" (PDF). dalspace.library.dal.ca . Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  13. ^ Yeoman, Louise. "Helen McFarlane – the radical feminist admired by Karl Marx Archived 2 Apr 2015 at the Wayback Machine". BBC Scotland. 25 Nov 2012.
  14. ^ Conductor, Robert J. (1910). "The Bibliography of The Communist Manifesto". Papers. 5: 109–114. JSTOR 24306239.
  15. ^ Leopold, David (2015). "Marx Engels and Other Socialisms". In Carver, Terrell; Farr, James (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to The Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  16. ^ Marx, Karl; Engels, Frederick (30 December 1871). "German Communism - Manifesto of the German Communist Party". Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly. 04 (7): 3–7, 12–xiii.
  17. ^ Pons, Silvio; Smith, Stephen A., eds. (2017). The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1: Globe Revolution and Socialism in One Land 1917–1941. The Cambridge History of Communism. Vol. i. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316137024. ISBN978-1-107-09284-6.
  18. ^ Vii facts nearly Karl Marx
  19. ^ Marx/Engels Collected Works, Volume 6, p. xxvi.
  20. ^ Osborne, Peter. 1998. "Retrieve the Hereafter? The Communist Manifesto as Historical and Cultural Form" in Panitch, Leo and Colin Leys, Eds., The Communist Manifesto Now: Socialist Register, 1998 London: Merlin Printing, p. 170. Available online from the Socialist Annals Archived 20 November 2015 at the Wayback Automobile archives. Retrieved November 2015.
  21. ^ Raines, John (2002). "Introduction". Marx on Religion (Marx, Karl). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 5.
  22. ^ Harman, Chris (2010). "The Manifesto and the Earth of 1848". The Communist Manifesto (Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich). Bloomsbury, London: Bookmarks. p. three.
  23. ^ Callinicos, Alex (2010). "The Manifesto and the Crisis Today". The Communist Manifesto (Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich). Bloomsbury, London: Bookmarks. p. 8.
  24. ^ "The Marx effect". The London Evening Standard. 23 April 2012. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved eight May 2012.
  25. ^ Steger, Manfred B. The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein And Social Commonwealth. Cambridge, England, UK; New York City, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1997. pp. 236–37.
  26. ^ Micheline R. Ishay. The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era. Berkeley and Lose Angeles, California: University of California Printing, 2008. p. 148.
  27. ^ Michael Harrington. Socialism: Past and Future. Reprint edition of original published in 1989. New York City: Arcade Publishing, 2011. pp. 249–50.
  28. ^ Boyer 1998, p. 151.
  29. ^ The [sic!] is that of Joseph Schumpeter; see Schumpeter 1997, p. viii n2.
  30. ^ Hobsbawm 2011, p. 108.
  31. ^ Derrida, Jacques. "What is Ideology? Archived x July 2017 at the Wayback Machine" in Specters of Marx, the country of the debt, the Work of Mourning, & the New International, translated by Peggy Kamuf, Routledge 1994.
  32. ^ Warren, Christopher N (2016). "Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx. Archived 24 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine" Humanity, Vol. vii.
  33. ^ Rose, Jonathan (2001). The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes Archived 28 August 2019 at the Wayback Auto. Pgs. 26, 36-37, 122-25, 187.
  34. ^ Taylor, Antony (2002). "Shakespeare and Radicalism: The Uses and Abuses of Shakespeare in Nineteenth-Century Popular Politics." Historical Journal 45, no. two. Pgs. 357-79.
  35. ^ Marx, Karl (1844). "On the Jewish Question."
  36. ^ Warren, Christopher (2016). "Large Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx". Humanity. 7 (3): 365–389. doi:10.17613/M6VW8W.
  37. ^ Demetz, Peter (1967). "Economics and Intellect: Thomas Carlyle". Marx, Engels, and the Poets: Origins of Marxist Literary Criticism . Translated by Sammons, Jeffrey L. (Revised ed.). Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 37.
  38. ^ Zenzinger, Peter (2004). "Engels, Friedrich". In Cumming, Mark (ed.). The Carlyle Encyclopedia . Madison and Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson Academy Press. pp. 149–150. ISBN9780838637920.
  39. ^ Zenzinger, Peter (2004). "Marx, Karl". In Cumming, Mark (ed.). The Carlyle Encyclopedia . Madison and Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Printing. p. 310. ISBN9780838637920.

References [edit]

  • Adoratsky, 5. (1938). The History of the Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels. New York: International Publishers.
  • Boyer, George R. (1998). "The Historical Groundwork of the Communist Manifesto". Periodical of Economic Perspectives. 12 (4): 151–174. CiteSeerX10.1.1.673.9426. doi:10.1257/jep.12.4.151. JSTOR 2646899.
  • Hobsbawm, Eric (2011). "On the Communist Manifesto". How To Change The World. Picayune, Brown. pp. 101–120. ISBN978-1-408-70287-i.
  • Chase, Tristram (2009). Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels. Metropolitan Books.
  • Schumpeter, Joseph (1997) [1952]. X Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes. London: Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-11079-2.
  • Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1949). "The Communist Manifesto in sociology and economics". Journal of Political Economy. 57 (3): 199–212. doi:x.1086/256806. JSTOR 1826126. S2CID 144457532.

Farther reading [edit]

  • David Blackness, Helen Macfarlane: A Feminist, Revolutionary Announcer, and Philosopher in Mid-nineteenth-century England, 2004. Chapter xi: The Translation of The Communist Manifesto
  • Hal Draper, The Adventures of the Communist Manifesto. [1994] Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2020.
  • Dirk J. Struik (ed.), Nascency of the Communist Manifesto. New York: International Publishers, 1971.

External links [edit]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

  • The Communist Manifesto at Standard Ebooks
  • The Communist Manifesto at the Marxists Internet Archive
  • Manifesto of the Communist Party, an English-linguistic communication translation by Progress Publishers, in PDF format
  • The Communist Manifesto in fourscore world languages
  • Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei : veröffentlicht im Februar 1848 Original 1848 edition in total colour scan
  • The Communist Manifesto public domain audiobook at LibriVox
  • On the Communist Manifesto Archived 4 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine at modkraft.dk (a collection of links to bibliographical and historical materials, and contemporary analyses)
  • The Communist Manifesto at Project Gutenberg

10 Points Of Communist Manifesto,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto

Posted by: blairgual1950.blogspot.com

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